In 1570, Pope Pius V expelled Queen Elizabeth I of England for her religious policies and mistreatment of Catholics. He also declared that her subjects no longer had to be loyal to her.
On this day in 1643, Dutch colonists in present-day New Jersey attacked Communipaw, killing 120 Algonquin Native Americans in what became known as the Pavonia Massacre.
In 1751, New York City hosted America’s first public show featuring a performing monkey. People could watch the act for just one cent.
In 1791, the United States established its first national bank after receiving official approval. This bank played a vital role in managing the country’s finances and economy.
In 1795, French politician and educator Joseph Lakanal outlined a vision for an ideal education system during the French Revolution. His goal was to ensure equal learning opportunities for all, so that every citizen could make informed decisions.
On this day in 1803, the Holy Roman Empire underwent a major reorganization in one of its final acts. The reform led to the elimination of over 100 German principalities, radically changing the political landscape of the region.
In 1837 Thomas Davenport received a patent for America’s first electric-powered printing press. This invention marked a huge step forward in printing technology, making the process faster and more efficient.
In 1847, Iowa State University was officially founded, paving the way for higher education in the state.
In 1862, the U.S. Congress approved the first Legal Tender Act, making “greenbacks” the first official paper currency that could be used for payments throughout the country.
On this day in 1875, Kiowa leader Lone Wolf (Guipago) and his people surrendered at Fort Sill, ending their resistance.
In 1901, George M. Cohan’s first Broadway musical, The Governor’s Son, debuted at New York’s Savoy Theatre and was performed 32 times.
In 1905, a Dutch social-democratic trade union, the Nederlandsche Verbond van Vakverenigen, was founded to support workers’ rights.
In 1921, Mongolia declared its independence from China and declared the Living Buddha Hutuktu as its king.
In 1932, Austrian-born Adolf Hitler became a German citizen, allowing him to enter German politics.
On this day in 1962 the Indian National Congress won the elections.
